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Favouring The Specific Over The General; Tinkoff Together With Washington Prime Number Group

In markets, in that location is a frequent biasing of the full general over the specific, in addition to it is a recurring rootage of chance for investors that are prepared to laid aside preconceived notions; dig a picayune deeper; in addition to favour the specific over the full general inwards their investment process.

The psychology of the biasing of the full general over the specific is the same psychology that gives ascent to stereotypes in addition to unjustified discrimination inwards the non-financial world. We oppose discrimination in addition to the usage of stereotypes non because they are necessarily incorrect inwards a full general sense (although that mightiness also locomote the case), but because they are unfair to the private who may non manifest such generalities. However, this variety of progressivity is nevertheless notably absent inwards fiscal markets, where unjustified stereotyping nevertheless runs rampant (I also discussed this number inwards my Ferrexpo post inwards Feb 2017 here).

Generalising simplifies a complex world, in addition to this is 1 argue why it is in addition to so intuitively appealing to investors. Investors human face upwards a wall of information, in addition to demand to procedure it into usable in addition to actionable insights, in addition to generalised arguments are unproblematic in addition to seductive, in addition to are thus slow for the fiscal manufacture to 'sell' to clients. However, oftentimes of import nuance is lost inwards this process, in addition to when it is, pricing inefficiencies tin consequence that tin exercise wonderful investment opportunities. I volition supply ii examples - the shares of TCS Ltd (TCS LI), in addition to Washington Prime Group (WPG US).

Two real mutual generalisations that exists today are the beliefs that corporate governance inwards Russian Federation is extremely poor, in addition to that the province is picayune to a greater extent than than a corrupt petrostate that is incapable of anything inwards the agency of invention (despite the fact that Russian Federation used to locomote a global superpower that almost won the infinite race, in addition to which continues to bask a disproportionate percentage of the global technology scientific discipline talent pool).

As generalisations, these beliefs are non wholly inaccurate, although I would fighting that the perceived shortfalls inwards governance in addition to invention are for the most role no worse than inwards many favoured emerging markets such every bit Indonesia, which are accorded much higher valuations on work organisation human relationship of a to a greater extent than bullish generalised narrative most an 'emerging middle class' (Indonesia trades at 25x earnings, but endeavor to scream 3 non-commodity globally competitive brands/companies deriving from the province - I incertitude you lot can). However, the flat of corporate governance in addition to invention inwards Russian Federation varies widely betwixt companies. This is, afterward all, a patch of some 140m people, in addition to they are non all the same.

An illustration of the disconnect betwixt the generally-held narrative in addition to the bottom-up specifics, are the shares of TCS Group (TCS LI), which I receive got owned since US$7 (and which currently merchandise at most US$22). TCS is a fintech/online bank, which is highly innovative; transparent; in addition to minority-investor friendly. The companionship got its get down offering credit cards, in addition to over the past times decade, has succeeded inwards snaring 11-12% marketplace percentage - placing it instant exclusively to manufacture behemoth Sberbank (which I also own). However, to a greater extent than recently, the companionship has diversified its service offering, moving into SME electrical flow accounts in addition to consumer debit cards, in addition to has also of late launched an online 'financial marketplace' offering insurance, mortgages, in addition to securities trading products.

The companionship has grown chop-chop past times offering high levels of client service in addition to procedure automation that has made the banking concern slow for customers to bargain with viz-a-viz inefficient state-owned competitors. It has also benefited from the pariah condition of Russian Federation alongside the global investment in addition to work organisation communities, which has resulted inwards a veritable consummate absence of contest (how many global players are rushing to laid upwards work organisation inwards Russia?). In an interview a distich of years ago, the company's founder noted that it has basically no competition, except from Sberbank, which it said was surprisingly innovative in addition to efficient for a state-run banking concern - something that caused me to promptly increment my Sberbank seat materially (I receive got owned Sberbank since US$5-6 in addition to proceed to ain it).

Unlike many 'fintech' companies, TCS is extremely profitable. Not exclusively is it growing at 30% pa, but it is making a 50% ROE, in addition to on work organisation human relationship of its high profitability, is relatively 'capital light' in addition to is thus paying out some two-thirds of its earnings every bit dividends. It has an extremely long growth run-way, with Russia's banking sector having consolidated downwards significantly inwards recent years next its 2014-15 recession, with many banks nevertheless hobbled past times bad loans in addition to insufficient capital. The company's disclosure it also extremely transparent.

The companionship has a history of guiding earnings conservatively, in addition to consistently 'beating in addition to raising'. It expects to construct a R 18bn profits inwards 2017 (to locomote reported inwards March), in addition to has already guided for R 24bn+ inwards 2018 (and already earned R 5bn inwards 3Q17). The company's marketplace capitalisation is currently US$4.1bn, or most R 230bn, in addition to despite having already rallied 20% YTD, is nevertheless trading at less than 10x forrad earnings in addition to on a high-single-digit forrad dividend yield. The Russian Rouble remains undervalued every bit well, inwards my sentiment - especially with crude prices having begun to recover.

A companionship with comparable growth, profitability, dividend payout, in addition to shareholder friendliness, inwards virtually whatever other country, would probable merchandise at 20-30x earnings - especially because the companionship has inwards recent years been investing heavily inwards the roll-out of novel service offerings, which are exclusively straight off exactly surpassing break-even. Their latest investor presentation materials tin locomote establish here. As tin locomote seen, despite what many mightiness assume (and proceed to assume) from the fact that it is a Russian company, TCS's disclosure in addition to governance is inwards fact basis class.

The stock is non without risk. Credit costs receive got moderated to 5-6%, but were temporarily every bit high every bit 15-20% during the elevation of Russia's recent recession (although the companionship nevertheless roughly broke fifty-fifty at the nadir). The stock barbarous to every bit depression every bit $1. Another macro-instability-driven ascent inwards credit costs volition no incertitude behave upon the shares. However, the companionship is good capitalised in addition to highly profitable (before credit costs); has already been tested inwards an extremely challenging economy; in addition to the outlook for the Russian economic scheme is brightening. If the Russian economic scheme continues to modestly recover (at enjoin 1-2% pa), the companionship stands a adept adventure of maintaining high rates of earnings growth of >20% for many years, in addition to volition probable also sense multiple expansion. I currently receive got a 6% seat inwards TCS.

A instant illustration are the shares of Washington Prime Group (WPG US). WPG is a leveraged (debt-to-EBITDA of 6x) possessor of regional shopping malls inwards second-tier cities inwards the US. Bearish generalisations abound; everyone knows that (1) the U.S. has likewise many malls; in addition to (2) that Amazon is killing traditional retail. Coupled with the company's high leverage, it could locomote readily assumed (and has been) that the companionship is fast on its agency to bankruptcy.

As a consequence of these generalisations, WPG has been sold downwards 75%, in addition to was of late trading for every bit picayune every bit 3.5x adjusted FFO (funds from operations), in addition to a dividend yield of 18% (on a payout of most 2/3rds of FFO). I of late accumulated a 65bp seat at an average of US$5.70, although was maybe non aggressive enough, with the stock having already popped to due north of US$6.30.

What was lost alongside these generalisations were the next real of import specifics:

*Firstly, although WPG's aggregate leverage appears high, the agency the debt is structured is extremely of import in addition to was overlooked. The companionship has US$4.5bn inwards mall assets at depreciated bulk value (based on historical cost), in addition to most US$3.0bn inwards debt, but most one-half of that debt is non-recourse mortgages held against specific mall assets, in addition to exclusively most one-half is corporate-level unsecured debt. For secured mortgage debt, the companionship has the correct to simply manus the keys dorsum to the lender in addition to walk away if the specific mall holding is deemed to locomote worth less than the outstanding mortgage.

Over the past times several years, the companionship has been skillfully unencumbering its best assets, in addition to has maintain the mortgages against its weaker assets. As a result, the companionship has been reporting large profits on gains from the extinguishment of mortgages past times walking away from such assets (or negotiating with lenders for meaning haircuts). With a marketplace capitalisation of most US$1.1bn (US$1.3bn including preferred stock), the unencumbered assets are existence valued at most US$2.8bn (including all unsecured debt), in addition to the encumbered assets at zero, but it is highly unlikely the unencumbered assets are worth less than this. The flat of hazard involved is thus inwards actuality far less than it mightiness offset appear, fifty-fifty before taking into work organisation human relationship the meaning value-creation optionality the companionship continues to bask (including the powerfulness to negotiate loan haircuts with secured mortgage lenders).

One of the proximate triggers for WPG's recent sell-down from US$7.00 to every bit depression every bit US$5.40 was a downgrade inwards FFO guidance in addition to dividend cutting past times 'peer' CBL & Associates. The sense of CBL was generalised to WPG. However, CBL's debt is structured much less favourably than WPG, with significantly less unencumbered high-quality properties, in addition to its assets are also weaker. The generalisation that WPG would inevitably follow a similar path caused WPG to locomote sold off, without the specifics of WPG's existing assets in addition to debt construction existence taken into account. After WPG affirmed its dividend in addition to posted decent 4Q17 numbers in addition to 2018 guidance before this week, the stock has started to rebound.

*Secondly, a vast over-simplification every bit arisen inwards the analysis of the U.S. mall REIT infinite which categorises mall assets every bit existence either 'Tier 1' assets (incumbent malls inwards prosperous Tier 1 cities, that are to a greater extent than oftentimes than non seen every bit completely immune from the for Amazon threat in addition to receive got cap rates of c5%); in addition to Tier 2-4 malls, which are all considered doomed. In fact, every bit WPG points out, Tier 1 cities are inwards many cases to a greater extent than over-malled than Tier 2 cities, in addition to premium malls inwards Tier 2 cities are oftentimes every bit well, if non improve positioned, than many malls inwards Tier 1 cities, with less contest in addition to larger monopoly catchment areas; high levels of consumer disposable income (due to lower costs of living); in addition to less same-day e-commerce fulfilment coverage (which favours the large cities first). Troubled subdivision store exposure is also no higher inwards regional malls than inwards Tier 1 cities, in addition to it is also possible consumer lifestyles may also locomote less fast paced in addition to mall footfall could thus also show to a greater extent than resilient.

More than 80% of WPG's income straight off derives from open-air in addition to what it regards every bit Tier 1 enclosed malls inwards these regional centers, in addition to these malls proceed to (modestly) grow their income, piece its remaining Tier 2 assets (the other 20%) saw a 10% reject inwards income inwards 2017. In 2018, an fifty-fifty larger 90% of its income is expected to come upwards from its Tier 1 in addition to open-air mall assets, every bit it has been selling downwards its Tier 2 assets and/or handing the keys dorsum to lenders. The stock is priced every bit though the bulk of its portfolio is Tier 2 assets probable to come across a continuing rapid collapse inwards income, in addition to yet the bulk of its mall portfolio is inwards fact nevertheless delivering positive rental income growth.

*Thirdly, of the company's circa US$1.50/share of FFO, it is paying out US$1.00 every bit dividends, but reinvesting the residuum dorsum into redevelopments of its existing opened upwards air in addition to Tier 1 malls - especially to redevelop departing enfeebled subdivision store tenants. There is sometimes a legitimate objection to valuing REITs on FFO multiples, every bit FFOs exclude necessary maintenance capex requirements (albeit that these are significantly less than accounting depreciation), in addition to it is believed that WPG is simply throwing adept coin afterward bad with these redevelopments, in addition to that they are unlikely to yield acceptable returns. The non-dividend role of WPG's FFO is thus existence valued at zero, in addition to it is also believed that WPG's dividend payout volition also probable show unsustainable.

However, what is existence missed is non exclusively the company's claim that the expected ROIs on this uppercase spending volition locomote most 10%, but also that this is based on contracts already inwards house with incoming tenants, prior to such redevelopments commencing. These redevelopments are thus non speculative inwards nature, in addition to are existence confined to assets with a bankable ROI proposition, in addition to these redevelopments are thus probable to genuinely generate increased FFO medium term.

*Fourthly, piece it is truthful that B&M retail is shrinking (particularly subdivision stores), in that location are some countervailing forces that are existence ignored, including the tendency towards to a greater extent than dining out, which is seeing to a greater extent than mall infinite dedicated to F&B. 47% of WPG's re-leased infinite inwards 2017 was to leisure in addition to F&B tenants, including restaurants, gyms, in addition to other amusement venues. A instance tin locomote made that people volition ever similar to become out, in addition to that for well-located goal assets inwards regional (as good every bit major metropolitan) centers, that in that location volition locomote opportunities for adjusted tenant mixes to compensate for structural shrinkage inwards sure enough B&M sectors.

In short, WPG potentially represents a compelling investment opportunity, in addition to the chance exists because generalisations are existence given primacy over private companionship specifics (ETF flows are probable accentuating this tendency - if investors desire to sell shopping mall ETFs because they fearfulness the behave upon of Amazon, all stocks volition locomote sold irrespective of their ain idiosyncratic merits).

In my view, both TCS in addition to WPG stand upwards for compelling value opportunities, in addition to be at a fourth dimension when global markets - in addition to inwards particular, U.S. markets - are widely believed to locomote universally overpriced in addition to devoid of opportunities for value-oriented buyers. I beg to differ.


LT3000


*The inwards a higher house analysis is furnished for informational/entertainment purposes only, in addition to is non to locomote construed every bit investment advice. The writer provides no warranty whatsoever every bit to the accuracy of the contents of the post, in addition to reserves all rights to merchandise inwards whatever securities mentioned inwards whatever article at whatever time. 

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